Sir Basit Notes

Pakistan Studies Class 9 Unit 2: Establishment of Pakistan Notes

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Key dates

Short questions 5 marks, 5 points each

1. Describe the importance of the Simla Deputation 1906. (5 points)

  1. Delegation. It was a delegation of 35 Muslims led by Sir Agha Khan that met Viceroy Lord Minto on 1 October 1906.
  2. Demands. It demanded separate electorates for Muslims, a quota in government jobs, Muslim judges and extra seats in legislatures.
  3. Confidence. It bridged the gap between Muslims and the British government and boosted Muslim confidence.
  4. Muslim League. It paved the way for the All India Muslim League (December 1906).
  5. Separate electorates. Separate electorates were accepted in the Minto-Morley Reforms 1909, so Muslims were recognized as a separate nation.

2. Write the objectives of the All India Muslim League. Give three objectives.

  1. Objective 1. To protect the rights and interests of Muslims and present their demands to the British government respectfully.
  2. Objective 2. To create loyalty among Muslims towards the government and remove misunderstandings about its policies.
  3. Objective 3. To cooperate with other communities of India without harming the above objectives.
  4. Formation. It was formed on 30 December 1906 at Dhaka under Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, supported by Nawab Salimullah Khan.
  5. First president. Sir Agha Khan became its first president (Aligarh session 1908).

3. Analyze the Nehru Report of 1928. (5 points)

  1. Formation of committee. It was prepared by an all-party committee headed by Motilal Nehru after Lord Birkenhead said Indians could not agree on reforms.
  2. Joint electorates. It replaced separate electorates with joint electorates.
  3. Reduced seats. It allowed only one-fourth seats for Muslims in the central assembly.
  4. Language and provinces. It proposed Hindi as the official language, while Sindh to be a separate province and more powers for NWFP and Balochistan.
  5. Muslim reaction. It reversed the Lucknow Pact demands, so Muslims rejected it and believed Congress would not protect their interests.

4. Describe the importance of the Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam (1929). Give five main points.

  1. Provincial autonomy. Provincial autonomy for all provinces and a federal system with residuary powers to provinces.
  2. Separate electorates. A separate electorate system for Muslims.
  3. Seats and ministers. One-third seats for Muslims in the central legislature and one-third Muslim ministers in central and provincial cabinets.
  4. Provinces. Sindh to be separated from Bombay and reforms in Balochistan and NWFP. Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP must not be turned into a minority.
  5. Rights and culture. Religious liberty, protection of Muslim culture, language and education, and a share in government jobs. They were a timely and moderate reply to the Nehru Report and became the framework of later Muslim struggle.

5. Analyze Allama Iqbal's Address of 1930 (Allahabad). (5 points)

  1. Occasion. It was delivered as the President of the All India Muslim League session at Allahabad in 1930.
  2. Islam and politics. He said Islam is a complete code of life and religion cannot be separated from politics.
  3. Two nations. He rejected the idea of India as one nation and presented the Two-Nation Theory.
  4. Separate state. He demanded a consolidated Muslim state in the north-western Muslim-majority areas of India.
  5. Historic importance. It was the first time a Muslim leader demanded a separate homeland from the League's platform, which gave Muslims a clear direction.

6. [Model] Illustrate in five points the significance of the Simla Conference (1945) in shaping political negotiations.

  1. Purpose. Lord Wavell called the conference in June 1945 after World War II to discuss his plan for an Executive Council with Indian leaders.
  2. Participants. The Muslim League under Quaid-e-Azam and Congress under Maulana Abul Kalam Azad attended.
  3. League demand. Quaid-e-Azam insisted all Muslim members of the council must come from the Muslim League, as it was the only representative of Muslims.
  4. Deadlock. Congress tried to claim a Muslim seat through Maulana Azad and the Punjab Unionist Party (Khizar Hayat) demanded a seat. The League rejected this and a deadlock occurred.
  5. Outcome. The conference failed, but it established the League as the sole voice of Muslims, and Quaid demanded elections to test claims, which led to the elections of 1945-46.

7. [Model] Interpret the impact of World War II on the political developments leading to Pakistan. (Five points)

  1. Congress ministries. When the war began in 1939 the Congress refused to cooperate and its ministries resigned in November 1939. Muslims observed the Day of Deliverance on 22 December 1939.
  2. Lahore Resolution. The war encouraged the Lahore Resolution of March 1940, which demanded independent Muslim states.
  3. Cripps and Quit India. The Cripps Mission (1942) offered dominion status after the war, and the Congress launched the Quit India Movement in 1942. Quaid-e-Azam replied "Divide and Quit India".
  4. Simla Conference. After the war Lord Wavell called the Simla Conference (1945), which failed on Muslim representation.
  5. 1945-46 elections. The 1945-46 elections were won by the League (all 30 central seats), which proved it spoke for Muslims, and this paved the way for the Cabinet Mission and the partition plan.

8. Analyze the formula of the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946). (5 points)

  1. Union of India. India would be one union of British India and princely states. Defence, foreign affairs and communications stayed with the centre.
  2. Three groups. Provinces would form three groups: A (Hindu-majority provinces), B (Punjab, Sindh, NWFP), C (Bengal and Assam).
  3. Provincial powers. Provinces would hold all remaining and residuary powers.
  4. Right to leave. A province could leave the union after ten years if its assembly voted so.
  5. Accepted as whole. The plan had to be accepted or rejected as a whole. Congress accepted it happily as Pakistan was not granted, and the League accepted it with reservations.

9. [Model] Describe in five points the important political developments between 1920 and 1939.

  1. Simon Commission. 1927 Simon Commission: it had no Indian member and was boycotted by Congress and the League ("Simon go back").
  2. Nehru Report and Fourteen Points. 1928 Nehru Report and 1929 Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam.
  3. Iqbal and Round Tables. 1930 Allahabad Address of Iqbal and Round Table Conferences (1930-32), which failed to solve the minority issue. The Communal Award followed in 1932.
  4. Act of 1935. 1935 Government of India Act: federal system, bicameral legislature, provincial autonomy, Federal Court.
  5. Congress rule. 1937 elections and Congress ministries in 8 provinces, which started anti-Muslim actions. They resigned in 1939 and Muslims celebrated the Day of Deliverance.

Long questions 10 marks, 10 points each

1. How did the Khilafat Movement evolve and what were its primary objectives? Describe its results.

Background

During the First World War Turkey, the seat of the Khilafat, fought against the Allied forces and was defeated. The Ottoman Khilafat, which was established in 1299, was now in danger. The Muslims of India loved the institution of Khilafat, so they started the Khilafat Movement in 1919 to save it.

Objectives

The movement had three main demands. First, the Turkish Khilafat should not be abolished. Second, the sacred places of the Muslims should not be disrespected. Third, the lands that were under Turkey before the war should not be taken away from it.

Events

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Abdul Bari, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr Mukhtar Ansari and others led the movement. They organized rallies and protests to show the British how important the Khilafat was. A delegation of Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Syed Husain, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Hasan Hayat went to England and met British parliamentarians and the Prime Minister, but the attitude of the British was not favourable, and it came back empty-handed. Gandhi joined the movement and earned respect among the Muslims, and Hindu-Muslim unity was at its highest. He advised Muslims to leave government jobs, stay away from schools, boycott the courts and give up their titles. Maulana Abdul Bari and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad also said that India was Dar-ul-Harb, so about 18,000 Muslims left for Afghanistan in the Hijrat Movement. The Afghan government refused to let them in, and the helpless people had to go back to their homes.

End and Results

Gandhi ended the movement for two reasons. The Moplas of the Malabar coast had protested and about 400 of them were killed by the British, after which they rebelled with violence, and Gandhi criticized this. Then, on 5 February 1922, at Chauri Chaura, a mob set fire to 22 policemen. Gandhi at once stopped the non-cooperation movement and the Khilafat Movement. The movement started with great enthusiasm but failed. The Khilafat was not abolished by the Allies but later by Mustafa Kamal Ataturk, a Turkish Muslim. Still, the movement left a deep mark on Indian politics. The Muslims gained confidence and political experience and learnt not to trust the philosophy of Gandhi.

2. In what ways did the Lucknow Pact (1916) address the concerns of both the Congress and the Muslim League?

Background

In December 1916 a joint session of the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress was held at Lucknow. It was a historic event in India. The two parties came together and reached an agreement on a number of important points.

Gains for Muslims

The Congress accepted the demand of the League for separate electorates for Muslims. It was agreed that Muslims would get one-third representation in the central council. A very important clause protected the minorities: if a bill concerned a particular community and three-fourths of the members of that community opposed it, the bill would be rejected. In Muslim-majority provinces such as Bengal and Punjab, Muslim seats would be reduced, while in Muslim-minority provinces such as Bihar, Bombay, Madras, CP and UP, Muslim seats would be increased. This protected the interests of Muslims in the provinces where they were few.

Reforms Agreed by Both

Both parties agreed that provincial autonomy should be ensured and that provincial councils should have the power to impose taxes and vote on the budget. In the provincial legislative councils four-fifths of the members would be elected and one-fifth would be nominated. The members of the assemblies would get the right to ask questions and to move an adjournment motion. It was also agreed that the executive and the judiciary should be separate, which was an important demand of the Congress.

Importance

The Lucknow Pact was a big step. The Congress accepted the Muslim demand for separate electorates and one-third seats in the central council, and so accepted the Muslims as a separate nation for the first time. It showed that Hindus and Muslims could work together, and Quaid-e-Azam played a very important role in making this agreement.

3. To what extent did the Congress ministries seek revenge against Muslims? What were the consequences?

Congress Rule

Under the Government of India Act 1935, elections to the provincial assemblies were held in 1937. The total seats were 1,585, and the Muslim League won only 108 of the 495 seats reserved for Muslims. The League did not do well for several reasons. The Congress formed ministries in 8 of the 11 provinces, while the Muslim League could not form a ministry in any province. Soon after this the Congress began to take actions against the Muslims.

Anti-Muslim Actions

The Congress told government officers to raise the Congress flag on government buildings. It declared "Bande Matram" as the national anthem and ordered that the day in offices and schools should start with it. This song was taken from the novel Anandamath of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. It showed Muslims in a bad way and said that India was only for Hindus. The Vidya Mandir Scheme was introduced in schools to wipe out Muslim culture and turn Muslims into Hindus, and students were made to pay respect to Gandhi's picture every day. The Wardha Scheme came from the philosophy of Gandhi. It taught respect for Hindu heroes and religious leaders and spread the idea that there was only one nation in India. In the provinces under Congress rule, attacks on Muslims became common, and Muslims were pushed to give up their religion and to support only the Congress.

Consequences

When World War II began in 1939 the Congress refused to help the British, and its ministries resigned in November 1939. Quaid-e-Azam asked the Muslims to celebrate the Day of Deliverance peacefully on 22 December 1939. The rule of the Congress ministries was a hard time for the Muslims, because their lives, property and religion were under attack. They lost trust in the Congress and understood that they would not be safe in a united India. The experience made the League stronger and the demand for a separate homeland clearer, which led to the Lahore Resolution of 1940.

4. What were the basic principles and demands of the Lahore Resolution (1940)?

The Session

The annual session of the All India Muslim League was held in March 1940 at Minto Park in Lahore, which is now called Iqbal Park. Quaid-e-Azam was the president of the session. It was a very important event in the history of the Muslims of India, because they now demanded a separate homeland on the basis of their religion. Leaders from different parts of India attended. In his speech Quaid-e-Azam said it was wrong to think that only one nation lived in India. There were two main nations, Hindus and Muslims, who came from different civilizations and had different ways of worship. Although they had lived together for centuries, each kept its own identity. He said that India's problem was not a matter between two communities but an international problem.

The Resolution

The resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq, the Chief Minister of Bengal, on 23 March 1940. It said that no plan would be acceptable to the Muslims unless it followed these basic principles. Areas that are geographically next to each other should be marked out as regions, with such changes in the boundaries as may be needed. The areas where the Muslims are in a majority, as in the north-western and eastern zones of India, should be grouped together to form "Independent States". The units of these states should be autonomous and sovereign. All the leaders present supported the resolution.

Reaction and Importance

The Muslims were very happy, because the resolution showed them their destination. Under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam they gave all their energy to winning freedom. The Hindus and the Congress rejected the resolution. It became the basis of the Pakistan Movement and the demand for Pakistan.

5. What were the important clauses of the 3rd June Plan 1947 that paved the way for partition?

Background

Lord Mountbatten was appointed the last Viceroy of India and reached India on 22 March 1947. His main task was to arrange a peaceful transfer of power to the Indians. He talked with Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi of the Congress and also with Quaid-e-Azam, who explained his view on the division of India. Mountbatten went to England to get the approval of the British Government for the scheme, and Prime Minister Attlee and his cabinet approved it. The first plan was to divide India in August 1948, but Mountbatten moved the date forward to 15 August 1947. He announced the plan on 3 June 1947.

Main Clauses

The Sindh Assembly would decide whether to join India or Pakistan. A referendum would be held in the North West Frontier Province to find out whether the people wished to join India or Pakistan. The legislative assemblies of Punjab and Bengal would decide their future. A referendum would be held in the district of Sylhet in Assam. In Balochistan the Shahi Jirga and the Quetta Municipal Corporation would decide. The Government of India Act 1935 would be used as the temporary constitution in both India and Pakistan. The princely states would decide for themselves about their future.

The Independence Act 1947

The British Prime Minister, Lord Attlee, put the Independence of India Bill before Parliament, and it was passed. It came into force on 18 July 1947 and was called the Independence Act 1947. It said that British rule in India would end on 15 August 1947 and that two countries, Pakistan and India, would be created. The assemblies of both countries would have the power to make laws. The powers of the British Crown over the princely states would end, and the states could join either country. Under this Act Pakistan came into being on 14 August 1947, with Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the first Governor General and Liaquat Ali Khan as the first Prime Minister.